Child Development
Psychosocial Stage Theory: (continued)
2. Toddlerhood (Ages 2 to 3): KEY TASK: Autonomy versus Shame:
- He learns autonomy by making choices and learning self control
- His confidence grows as he learns to do things for himself, including bodily functions (toilet training)
- He may feel shame or doubt about his ability to act with autonomy
- CRITICAL RELATIONSHIPS: Mother and father
- POSITIVE OUTCOME: He senses his own independence, determination, and confidence
- NEGATIVE OUTCOME: He doubts himself and feels inadequate
3. Preschool (Ages 3 to 6): KEY TASK: Initiative versus Guilt:
- He initiates activities on his own and is developing a sense of purpose.
- He will begin to pursue goals in spite of guilt that may arise from asserting himself and despite the knowledge that he may fail.
- Mobility and curiosity encourage initiative and mastery of his environment.
- CRITICAL RELATIONSHIPS: Family
- POSITIVE OUTCOME: He sets and pursues goals without fear of punishment
- NEGATIVE OUTCOME: He views himself as ruthless and becomes inhibited
